Repurposed drugs and chemotherapy

Content:

• Repurposed drugs and chemotherapy (scroll down)
• Repurposed drugs and chemotherapy – Ranked risk (scroll to)
• Interactions between repurposed drugs – overview (scroll to)

Review of possible interactions during chemotherapy

Repurposed drugs, which are medications originally developed for other purposes, have gained attention in cancer research for their potential ability to affect tumor growth and improve treatment outcomes. This overview focuses on a selection of repurposed drugs and their advantages and disadvantages in connection with chemotherapy. You should seek qualified guidance to clarify whether it is safe in your situation.

Furthermore, be aware that new chemotherapeutic agents are constantly being introduced, and this overview may not have managed to include these.

Note

This overview is largely a result of extensive searches on Gemini AI and DeepSeek. I find it extremely difficult to assess the validity. However, I normally have good experiences with the results they present. If you know of properties or interactions that are not mentioned on this page, I hope you will contact me about this. It is virtually impossible for a single person to keep this info completely updated – despite good intentions. See Contact info.

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Important

These are general mechanisms of action. Your situation may be unique in a way that contraindicates the use of the mentioned supplements. I do not have the possibility to assess whether that is the case.

See also the possible mutual interactions between the agents at the bottom of the page.

1. Aspirin

Advantages:

Aspirin inhibits COX enzymes, which can reduce inflammation and inhibit the growth of cancer cells through prostaglandin-modulating effects. Observational studies suggest that aspirin can decrease the risk of metastases and improve survival in certain types of cancer, such as colorectal cancer.

Disadvantages:

Aspirin can cause gastrointestinal bleeding and thrombocytopenia, which can be exacerbated during chemotherapy. Interactions with chemotherapeutic agents such as methotrexate can increase toxicity.

Aspirin and chemotherapy – Specific interactions and risks

Aspirin, due to its blood-thinning properties, can interact with a range of chemotherapeutic agents and increase the risk of bleeding. It is crucial to identify these specific interactions to ensure patient safety during chemotherapy.

Specific chemotherapeutic agents and risks:

• Methotrexate: Risk: Increased bleeding risk due to decreased platelet function. Aspirin can enhance the blood-thinning effect of methotrexate. Additionally, methotrexate can increase the risk of gastric ulcers when combined with aspirin.
• 5-Fluorouracil: Risk: Increased bleeding risk due to decreased platelet function. Aspirin can enhance the blood-thinning effect of 5-Fluorouracil.
• Cyclophosphamide: Risk: Increased risk of bleeding and bone marrow depression. The combination can lead to a further reduction in platelet production.
• Cisplatin and Carboplatin: Risk: Increased risk of bleeding. These chemotherapeutic agents can in themselves affect platelet function, and aspirin can exacerbate this effect.
• Paclitaxel and Docetaxel: Risk: Increased risk of bleeding, especially in combination with high doses of aspirin.
• L-asparaginase: Risk: Heavily increased risk of bleeding. L-asparaginase has in itself a strong blood-thinning effect.
• General Warning: The choice of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer, so there may be other chemotherapeutic agents that can have interactions; this must always be clarified with a doctor.

Important considerations:

• Dosage: The risk of interactions increases with higher doses of both aspirin and chemotherapeutic agents.
• Individual assessment: The patient’s general health status, age, and other medical conditions can affect the risk of interactions.
• Medical monitoring: Monitoring of blood counts and signs of bleeding is crucial for patients taking this combination.

Conclusion:

Simultaneous use of aspirin and specific chemotherapeutic agents can increase the risk of serious bleeding. It is important that doctors and patients carefully consider potential interactions and take the necessary precautions to minimize risk.

Scientific support:

[1] Aspirin and cancer treatment: systematic reviews and meta-analyses of evidence: for and against (PubMed, 2024)

• Content: A systematic review, non-randomized, reviewing evidence for and against the use of aspirin as an adjunct to standard cancer treatment, including chemotherapy.

[2] Gastrointestinal Risk of Chemotherapy (NIH, Cancer Gov., 2025)

• Content: An overview of the risks chemotherapy poses to the gastrointestinal system.

[3] Aspirin and cancer survival: a systematic review and meta-analyses of 118 observational studies of aspirin and 18 cancers (PubMed, 2021)

• Content: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of 118 observational studies.

2. Celecoxib

Advantages:

Celecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, is primarily used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in conditions such as arthritis and menstrual pain. It has the advantage of having a lower risk of gastrointestinal bleeding compared to traditional NSAIDs, making it an attractive choice for patients with a high risk of gastrointestinal problems. Research also indicates that celecoxib may have potential in cancer treatment by inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis through anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Disadvantages:

Celecoxib can cause side effects such as headache, stomach problems, and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, especially with long-term use. It can interact with chemotherapeutic drugs and therefore requires close monitoring during simultaneous administration to avoid serious complications and ensure optimal treatment effectiveness.

Celecoxib and chemotherapy – Specific interactions and risks

Celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, is used to relieve pain and inflammation. Although it is generally considered safer than non-selective NSAIDs like aspirin, it can still interact with specific chemotherapeutic agents.

Specific chemotherapeutic agents and risks:

• Methotrexate: Risk: Celecoxib can increase the concentration of methotrexate in the blood, which can potentially increase the risk of methotrexate toxicity. This can lead to increased side effects such as bone marrow depression and kidney damage.
• 5-Fluorouracil: Risk: Although the interaction is not fully clarified, there is a potential risk of increased gastrointestinal toxicity when celecoxib is combined with 5-fluorouracil. Both drugs can cause stomach problems, and the combination can exacerbate these.
• Cyclophosphamide: Risk: Celecoxib can potentially increase the risk of bleeding when combined with cyclophosphamide, as both drugs can affect platelet function. Additionally, there may be an increased risk of kidney problems.
• Platinum-based chemotherapeutics (e.g., Cisplatin, Carboplatin): Risk: The combination can increase the risk of kidney problems, as both celecoxib and platinum-based chemotherapeutics can affect the kidneys. Additionally, there is a potential increased risk of bleeding.
• Taxanes (e.g., Paclitaxel, Docetaxel): Risk: Taxanes and Celecoxib are broken down in the liver, and there is therefore a risk that the breakdown of one of the substances may be affected.
• Blood-thinning chemotherapeutics (e.g., L-asparaginase): Risk: Since Celecoxib also has a blood-thinning effect, it should be advised against combining these two preparations, as it can cause a heavily increased risk of bleeding.

General Warning:

• The choice of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer, so there may be other chemotherapeutic agents that can have interactions; this must always be clarified with a doctor.

Important considerations:

• Individual assessment: The risk of interactions can vary depending on the specific chemotherapy, the dose of celecoxib, and the patient’s general health status.
• Medical monitoring: Patients taking both celecoxib and chemotherapy should be monitored closely for signs of bleeding, fluid retention, and kidney problems.

Conclusion:

• Simultaneous use of celecoxib and specific chemotherapeutic agents can increase the risk of serious side effects. It is important that doctors and patients carefully consider potential interactions and take the necessary precautions to minimize risk.

Scientific support

[4] Predictive Role of Circulating Tumor DNA in Stage III Colon Cancer Treated With Celecoxib: A Post Hoc Analysis of the CALGB (Alliance)/SWOG 80702 Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial (PubMed, 2026)

• Content: A post hoc analysis of a randomized phase 3 clinical trial demonstrating improved survival with the use of celecoxib in ctDNA-positive (trace amounts of cancer DNA in the blood) patients after surgery for colon cancer.

[5] Celecoxib in oncology: targeting the COX-2/PGE₂ axis to reprogram the tumor immune microenvironment and enhance multimodal therapy (Frontiers, 2025)

• Content: A systematic review, non-randomized, describing how celecoxib reprograms the tumor microenvironment by inhibiting the COX-2/PGE2 axis, which enhances the effect of both chemotherapy and immunotherapy.

[6] The Efficacy and Safety of Celecoxib in Addition to Standard Cancer Therapy (PubMed, 2022)

• Content: A study assessing the safety profile of celecoxib when used as an adjuvant to standard treatment.

3. Desloratadine

Advantages:

Desloratadine is an antihistamine that can reduce allergic reactions and inflammation, which can be beneficial for cancer patients suffering from allergies resulting from chemotherapy.

Disadvantages:

Desloratadine can cause sedation and fatigue, which can affect the patient’s energy levels during treatment.

Desloratadine and chemotherapy – Specific interactions and risks

Desloratadine is an antihistamine primarily used to relieve allergic symptoms. Generally, it is considered to have few serious interactions with other drugs. However, there are still some potential considerations when it is used together with specific chemotherapeutic agents.

Specific interactions and risks:

• Impact on liver metabolism:
• Both desloratadine and chemotherapeutic agents such as taxanes (e.g., paclitaxel, docetaxel) and platinum-based chemotherapeutics (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin) are metabolized in the liver. This can potentially lead to changes in the concentration of both drugs in the body, which can increase the risk of side effects or reduce the effectiveness of the chemotherapy.
• Interactions with specific chemotherapeutic agents:
  • Taxanes (e.g., paclitaxel, docetaxel): These chemotherapeutic agents can have interactions with desloratadine as they both affect liver function.
  • Platinum-based chemotherapeutics (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin): Similar liver impact can be seen with these chemotherapeutic agents.
• Positive Impact: Additionally, there is research suggesting a positive impact of using desloratadine in connection with cancer treatment; however, this is still under development.
• Potentiation of side effects: Both desloratadine and chemotherapy can cause certain side effects, such as fatigue and drowsiness. The combination of these drugs can potentially enhance these side effects.
• Impact on the immune system: Some studies have shown that Desloratadine can have an impact on the immune system, and there is therefore a possibility that it could impact the effect of the chemotherapy.

Important considerations:

• Individual assessment: The risk of interactions can vary depending on the specific chemotherapy, the dose of desloratadine, and the patient’s general health status.
• Medical monitoring: Patients taking both desloratadine and chemotherapy should be monitored closely for signs of side effects or changes in the effectiveness of the chemotherapy.

Conclusion:

Although desloratadine is generally considered safe, it is important to be aware of potential interactions with specific chemotherapeutic agents. Doctors should carefully consider these interactions and monitor patients taking this combination to ensure patient safety.

Scientific support:

[7] Improved survival in several cancers with use of H₁-antihistamines desloratadine and loratadine (PubMed, 2021)

• Content: Research showing a statistical correlation between antihistamine use and improved survival.

[8] Second-Generation Antihistamines for Preventing Hypersensitivity Reactions during Anticancer Therapy-A Retrospective Study (PubMed, 2024)

• Content: A retrospective study on the use of second-generation antihistamines.

[9] Acute hypersensitivity reactions to chemotherapy agents: an overview (PubMed, 2010)

• Content: An overview of hypersensitivity reactions in oncology.

4. Dipyridamole

Advantages:

Dipyridamole has antithrombotic properties and can improve blood flow. It may possibly reduce the risk of thrombosis in patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Disadvantages:

Dipyridamole can cause headache and dizziness. Its effect on the effectiveness of chemotherapy has not been fully investigated.

Dipyridamole and chemotherapy – Specific interactions and risks

Dipyridamole is a drug primarily used to prevent blood clots. It works by inhibiting the platelets’ ability to clump together. There is therefore a risk of interactions with specific chemotherapeutic agents.

Specific chemotherapeutic agents and risks:

• Antimetabolites (e.g., Methotrexate, 5-Fluorouracil): Risk: Increased bleeding risk due to decreased platelet function. Dipyridamole can enhance the blood-thinning effect of these agents.
• Alkylating agents (e.g., Cyclophosphamide, Melphalan): Risk: Increased risk of bleeding and bone marrow depression. The combination can lead to a further reduction in platelet production.
• Platinum-based chemotherapeutics (e.g., Cisplatin, Carboplatin): Risk: Increased risk of bleeding. These chemotherapeutic agents can in themselves affect platelet function, and dipyridamole can exacerbate this effect.
• Taxanes (e.g., Paclitaxel, Docetaxel): Risk: Taxanes and Dipyridamole are broken down in the liver, and there is therefore a risk that the breakdown of one of the substances may be affected, thereby increasing the risk of side effects.
• Blood-thinning chemotherapeutics (e.g., L-asparaginase): Risk: Heavily increased risk of bleeding. L-asparaginase has in itself a strong blood-thinning effect, and in combination with dipyridamole, it will enhance this effect.

General Warning:

The choice of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer, so there may be other chemotherapeutic agents that can have interactions; this must always be clarified with a doctor.

Important considerations:

• Individual assessment: The risk of interactions can vary depending on the specific chemotherapy, the dose of dipyridamole, and the patient’s general health status.
• Medical monitoring: Patients taking both dipyridamole and chemotherapy should be monitored closely for signs of bleeding, gastrointestinal problems, and changes in blood pressure.

Conclusion:

Simultaneous use of dipyridamole and specific chemotherapeutic agents can increase the risk of serious bleeding and other complications. It is important that doctors and patients carefully consider potential interactions and take the necessary precautions to minimize risk.

Scientific support

[10] Dipyridamole combination chemotherapy can be used safely in treating gastric cancer patients (PubMed, 1991)

• Content: A study confirming the safety of combining dipyridamole with chemotherapy in gastric cancer.

[11] Inhibiting the glycerophosphodiesterase EDI3 in ER-HER2+ breast cancer cells resistant to HER2-targeted therapy reduces viability and tumour growth (PubMed, 2023)

• Content: Research on metabolic inhibition in resistant breast cancer cells.

[12] Dipyridamole induces the phosphorylation of CREB to promote cancer cell proliferation (PubMed, 2021)

• Content: A study on the molecular signaling effects of dipyridamole in cancer.

5. Disulfiram

Advantages:

Disulfiram has anticancer properties by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. It can improve the effect of certain chemotherapeutic substances by increasing oxidative stress in cancer cells.

Disadvantages:

Disulfiram can cause serious side effects, including liver problems. Its interactions with chemotherapeutics require close monitoring.

Disulfiram and chemotherapy – Specific interactions and risks

Disulfiram, primarily used for the treatment of alcohol dependence, can interact with certain chemotherapeutic agents and potentially increase the risk of side effects. It is important to be aware of these potential interactions.

Specific chemotherapeutic agents and risks:

• Methotrexate: Risk: Disulfiram can inhibit the breakdown of methotrexate in the liver, which can lead to increased levels of methotrexate in the blood and thus increase the risk of methotrexate toxicity. This can result in serious side effects such as bone marrow depression, kidney damage, and liver damage.
• 5-Fluorouracil: Risk: There is a potential risk of increased toxicity when disulfiram is combined with 5-fluorouracil. Both drugs can affect liver function, and the combination can exacerbate these side effects.
• Cyclophosphamide: Risk: Disulfiram can potentially increase the risk of bone marrow depression when combined with cyclophosphamide. This can lead to decreased production of blood cells and an increased risk of infections.
• Platinum-based chemotherapeutics (e.g., Cisplatin, Carboplatin): Risk: The combination can increase the risk of kidney problems, as both disulfiram and platinum-based chemotherapeutics can affect the kidneys. Additionally, there is a potential increased risk of neuropathy (nerve damage).
• Taxanes (e.g., Paclitaxel, Docetaxel): Risk: Taxanes and Disulfiram are broken down in the liver, and there is therefore a risk that the breakdown of one of the substances may be affected, thereby increasing the risk of side effects.

General Warning:

The choice of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer, so there may be other chemotherapeutic agents that can have interactions. It is important to consult a doctor to assess the risk of interactions.

Important to know about Disulfiram and cancer:

Furthermore, there is research suggesting that disulfiram can have a positive impact on cancer treatment. However, this is still under development, and not enough trials have been conducted to say this with certainty.

Important considerations:

• Individual assessment: The risk of interactions can vary depending on the specific chemotherapy, the dose of disulfiram, and the patient’s general health status.
• Medical monitoring: Patients taking both disulfiram and chemotherapy should be monitored closely for signs of toxicity and side effects.

Conclusion:

Simultaneous use of disulfiram and specific chemotherapeutic agents can increase the risk of serious side effects. It is important that doctors and patients carefully consider potential interactions and take the necessary precautions to minimize risk.

Scientific support

[13] A CD44-targeted Cu(ii) delivery 2D nanoplatform for sensitized disulfiram chemotherapy to triple-negative breast cancer (PubMed, 2020)

• Content: Research on targeted delivery systems for disulfiram in breast cancer.

[14] Disulfiram-Copper Potentiates Anticancer Efficacy of Standard Chemo-therapy Drugs in Bladder Cancer Animal Model through ROS-Autophagy-Ferroptosis Signalling Cascade (PubMed, 2025)

• Content: A non-randomized preclinical study showing synergy between disulfiram and standard chemo.

[15] A phase IIb trial assessing the addition of disulfiram to chemotherapy for the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (PubMed, 2015)

• Content: A randomized Phase IIb trial evaluating the addition of disulfiram to chemotherapy.

6. Doxycycline

Advantages:

Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that also has anti-inflammatory properties. It can inhibit tumor growth by reducing inflammation and immune response. Research has shown that doxycycline can improve the effect of certain chemotherapeutic substances and reduce metastases in some cancer forms, such as breast cancer.

Disadvantages:

Doxycycline can cause side effects such as gastrointestinal dysfunction, photosensitization, and fatigue. Long-term use can lead to the development of bacterial resistance, which can limit its usefulness. Interactions with other drugs, especially certain chemotherapeutics, must be considered.

Doxycycline and chemotherapy – Specific interactions and risks

Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that also has anti-inflammatory properties. It is primarily used to treat bacterial infections but has also shown potential in cancer treatment. However, there are potential interactions with specific chemotherapeutic agents that are important to consider.

Specific chemotherapeutic agents and risks:

• Methotrexate: Risk: Doxycycline can increase the concentration of methotrexate in the blood, which can potentially increase the risk of methotrexate toxicity. This can lead to increased side effects such as bone marrow depression and kidney damage.
• 5-Fluorouracil: Risk: Although the interaction is not fully clarified, there is a potential risk of increased toxicity when doxycycline is combined with 5-fluorouracil. Both drugs can affect liver function, and the combination can exacerbate these side effects.
• Cyclophosphamide: Risk: Doxycycline can potentially increase the risk of bone marrow depression when combined with cyclophosphamide. This can lead to decreased production of blood cells and an increased risk of infections.
• Platinum-based chemotherapeutics (e.g., Cisplatin, Carboplatin): Risk: The combination can increase the risk of kidney problems, as both doxycycline and platinum-based chemotherapeutics can affect the kidneys. Additionally, there is a potential increased risk of neuropathy (nerve damage).
• Taxanes (e.g., Paclitaxel, Docetaxel): Risk: Taxanes and Doxycycline are broken down in the liver, and there is therefore a risk that the breakdown of one of the substances may be affected, thereby increasing the risk of side effects.

General Warning:

The choice of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer, so there may be other chemotherapeutic agents that can have interactions. It is important to consult a doctor to assess the risk of interactions.

Important to know about Doxycycline and cancer:

Furthermore, there is research suggesting that Doxycycline can have a positive impact on cancer treatment. However, this is still under development, and not enough trials have been conducted to say this with certainty.

Important considerations:

• Individual assessment: The risk of interactions can vary depending on the specific chemotherapy, the dose of doxycycline, and the patient’s general health status.
• Medical monitoring: Patients taking both doxycycline and chemotherapy should be monitored closely for signs of toxicity and side effects.

Conclusion: Simultaneous use of doxycycline and specific chemotherapeutic agents can increase the risk of serious side effects. It is important that doctors and patients carefully consider potential interactions and take the necessary precautions to minimize risk.

Scientific support

[16] Doxycycline attenuates breast cancer related inflammation by decreasing plasma lysophosphatidate concentrations and inhibiting NF-κB activation (PubMed, 2017)

• Content: Research on how doxycycline reduces inflammatory markers in breast cancer.

[17] Interactions of doxycycline with chemotherapeutic agents in human breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells (PubMed, 2009)

• Content: In vitro study exploring the interactions between doxycycline and chemotherapy.

[19] Doxycycline, an inhibitor of mitochondrial biogenesis, effectively reduces cancer stem cells (CSCs) in early breast cancer patients: A clinical pilot study (PubMed, 2018)

• Content: A clinical pilot study showing that Doxycycline can reduce cancer stem cell markers in patients. The mechanism is the same for other cancer types, including ovarian cancer.

[20] Doxycycline sensitizes renal cell carcinoma to chemotherapy by preferentially inhibiting mitochondrial translation (PubMed, 2021)

• Content: This study shows that doxycycline can make kidney cancer cells more sensitive to chemotherapy. The mechanism is that doxycycline specifically inhibits the cancer cells’ mitochondria, disrupting energy production.

[21] Targeting Mitochondria for Treatment of Chemoresistant Ovarian Cancer (MDPI, 2019)

• Content: An article specifically describing how to attack the cancer cells’ “power plants” (mitochondria) to combat resistant ovarian cancer – exactly the mechanism Doxycycline uses.

[22] Doxycycline, an Inhibitor of Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Effectively Reduces Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) in Early Breast Cancer Patients: A Clinical Pilot Study (PubMed, Frontiers, 2018)

• Content: The original pilot study showing that Doxycycline can target the cancer stem cells believed to cause recurrence.

7. Fenbendazole

Advantages:

Fenbendazole, an antiparasitic agent, has been shown to have anticancer properties by affecting cancer cells’ energy metabolism and inducing apoptosis. Some animal experiments and anecdotal evidence suggest it can slow tumor growth and improve the quality of life for cancer patients.

Disadvantages:

There is limited clinical research in humans, making it uncertain to recommend as a standard treatment. Potential side effects can include gastrointestinal discomfort. Its interactions with chemotherapeutics have not been sufficiently investigated.

Fenbendazole and chemotherapy – Specific interactions and risks

Fenbendazole is an anthelmintic (deworming agent) that has also shown potential in cancer treatment. Although research is still in the early stages, there are potential interactions with specific chemotherapeutic agents that are important to consider.

Specific chemotherapeutic agents and risks:

• Methotrexate: Risk: Fenbendazole can potentially affect liver metabolism, which can change the concentration of methotrexate in the blood. This can increase the risk of methotrexate toxicity and lead to serious side effects such as bone marrow depression and kidney damage.
• 5-Fluorouracil: Risk: There is a potential risk of increased toxicity as both drugs can affect liver function. The combination can exacerbate gastrointestinal side effects.
• Cyclophosphamide: Risk: Fenbendazole can potentially increase the risk of bone marrow depression when combined with cyclophosphamide. This can lead to decreased production of blood cells and an increased risk of infections.
• Platinum-based chemotherapeutics (e.g., Cisplatin, Carboplatin): Risk: The combination can increase the risk of kidney problems, as both fenbendazole and platinum-based chemotherapeutics can affect the kidneys. Additionally, there is a potential increased risk of neuropathy (nerve damage).
• Taxanes (e.g., Paclitaxel, Docetaxel): Risk: Taxanes and fenbendazole are metabolized in the liver, and there is therefore a risk that the breakdown of one of the substances may be affected, which can increase the risk of side effects.

General Warning:

The choice of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer, so there may be other chemotherapeutic agents that can have interactions. It is important to consult a competent practitioner to assess the risk of interactions.

Important to know about fenbendazole and cancer:

There is research suggesting that fenbendazole can have a positive impact on cancer treatment. However, this is still under development, and not enough trials have been conducted to say this with certainty.

Important considerations:

• Individual assessment: The risk of interactions can vary depending on the specific chemotherapy, the dose of fenbendazole, and the patient’s general health status.
• Medical monitoring: Patients taking both fenbendazole and chemotherapy should be monitored closely for signs of toxicity and side effects.

Conclusion:

Simultaneous use of fenbendazole and specific chemotherapeutic agents can increase the risk of serious side effects. It is important that doctors and patients carefully consider potential interactions and take the necessary precautions to minimize risk.

Scientific support

[23] Synergistic intravesical instillation for bladder cancer: CRISPR-Cas13a and fenbendazole combination therapy (PubMed, 2024)

• Content: Research on combination therapy for bladder cancer.

[24] Fenbendazole and Chemotherapy: Considerations for Combined Use in Cancer Treatment (Heal Navigator, 2025)

• Content: An overview of considerations regarding the combined use of fenbendazole and chemotherapy.

8. Ivermectin

Advantages:

Ivermectin is an antiparasitic agent that has been shown to have anti-tumor effects in preclinical studies. It can inhibit the growth of certain cancer cells and improve the immune response, which can be beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Disadvantages:

There is limited evidence for its effectiveness as a cancer treatment in humans. Potential side effects include neurological symptoms and allergic reactions. Interactions with chemotherapeutics have not been sufficiently investigated.

Ivermectin and chemotherapy – Specific interactions and risks

Ivermectin is an antiparasitic drug that has also shown potential in cancer treatment. Although research is still in the early stages, there are potential interactions with specific chemotherapeutic agents that are important to consider.

Specific chemotherapeutic agents and risks:

• Methotrexate: Risk: Ivermectin can potentially affect liver metabolism, which can change the concentration of methotrexate in the blood. This can increase the risk of methotrexate toxicity and lead to serious side effects such as bone marrow depression and kidney damage.
• 5-Fluorouracil: Risk: There is a potential risk of increased toxicity as both drugs can affect liver function. The combination can exacerbate gastrointestinal side effects.
• Cyclophosphamide: Risk: Ivermectin can potentially increase the risk of bone marrow depression when combined with cyclophosphamide. This can lead to decreased production of blood cells and an increased risk of infections.
• Platinum-based chemotherapeutics (e.g., Cisplatin, Carboplatin): Risk: The combination can increase the risk of kidney problems, as both ivermectin and platinum-based chemotherapeutics can affect the kidneys. Additionally, there is a potential increased risk of neuropathy (nerve damage).
• Taxanes (e.g., Paclitaxel, Docetaxel): Risk: Taxanes and ivermectin are metabolized in the liver, and there is therefore a risk that the breakdown of one of the substances may be affected, which can increase the risk of side effects.
• General Warning: The choice of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer, so there may be other chemotherapeutic agents that can have interactions. It is important to consult a doctor to assess the risk of interactions.
• Important to know about ivermectin and cancer: There is research suggesting that ivermectin can have a positive impact on cancer treatment. However, this is still under development, and not enough trials have been conducted to say this with certainty.

Important considerations:

• Individual assessment: The risk of interactions can vary depending on the specific chemotherapy, the dose of ivermectin, and the patient’s general health status.
• Medical monitoring: Patients taking both ivermectin and chemotherapy should be monitored closely for signs of toxicity and side effects.

Conclusion:

Simultaneous use of ivermectin and specific chemotherapeutic agents can increase the risk of serious side effects. It is important that doctors and patients carefully consider potential interactions and take the necessary precautions to minimize risk.

Scientific support

[25] Drug repurposing-based nanoplatform via modulating autophagy to enhance chemo-phototherapy against colorectal cancer (PubMed, 2024)

• Content: Research on enhancing chemo-phototherapy using ivermectin.

[26] Vincristine and ivermectin combination chemotherapy in dogs with natural transmissible venereal tumor of different cyto-morphological patterns: A prospective outcome evaluation (PubMed, 2020)

• Content: An outcome evaluation of combination therapy in a canine model.

[27] Ivermectin Strengthens Paclitaxel Effectiveness in High-Grade Serous Carcinoma in 3D Cell Cultures (MDPI, 2025)

• Content: A study showing how ivermectin enhances paclitaxel in 3D ovarian cancer cell cultures.

9. LDN (Low-Dose Naltrexone)

Advantages:

Low-Dose Naltrexone (LDN) has immunomodulating properties and can reduce inflammation. It has been shown to improve the quality of life in cancer patients and can potentially inhibit tumor growth by stimulating the body’s own immune system.

Disadvantages:

There is limited research on LDN’s effectiveness in cancer treatment, and its safety during long-term use has not been fully investigated. Some patients may experience side effects such as sleep disturbances and stomach discomfort.

LDN and chemotherapy – Specific interactions and risks

Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) is increasingly used to modulate the immune system and potentially improve the quality of life in cancer patients. Although it is generally considered safe, there are potential interactions with specific chemotherapeutic agents that are important to consider.

Specific chemotherapeutic agents and risks:

• Opioid-based painkillers (e.g., Morphine, Oxycodone): Risk: Naltrexone is an opioid antagonist, meaning it can block the effect of opioid-based painkillers. This can reduce or eliminate the pain relief from these drugs, which can be particularly problematic for patients needing strong pain relief during chemotherapy.
• Immunomodulating chemotherapy (e.g., Interferon, Interleukin-2): Risk: Since LDN also has immunomodulating effects, there is a potential risk that it could interact with immunomodulating chemotherapy. This can either enhance or reduce the effect of the chemotherapy, and it is important to monitor patients closely for any changes in immune function.
• Chemotherapy that affects the liver (e.g., Taxanes): Risk: Both LDN and certain chemotherapeutic substances are broken down in the liver, and there is therefore a risk that the breakdown of one of the substances may be affected, thereby increasing the risk of side effects.
• General Warning: The choice of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer, so there may be other chemotherapeutic agents that can have interactions. It is important to consult a doctor to assess the risk of interactions.

Important considerations:

• Individual assessment: The risk of interactions can vary depending on the specific chemotherapy, the dose of LDN, and the patient’s general health status.
• Medical monitoring: Patients taking both LDN and chemotherapy should be monitored closely for signs of toxicity, changes in pain levels, and immune function.

Conclusion:

Simultaneous use of LDN and specific chemotherapeutic agents can increase the risk of interactions, especially with opioid-based painkillers and immunomodulating chemotherapy. It is important that doctors and patients carefully consider potential interactions and take the necessary precautions to minimize risk.

Scientific support

[28] Low-Dose Naltrexone as an Adjuvant in Combined Anticancer Therapy (PubMed, 2024)

• Content: A systematic review of LDN as an immunomodulator that enhances the effect of chemotherapy via the OGF-OGFr axis. This is a non-randomized study.

[29] The Safety and Efficacy of Low-Dose Naltrexone in Patients with Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review (PubMed, 2023)

• Content: A systematic review and meta-analysis (number 10 in your search) evaluating the safety and efficacy of LDN on quality of life and immune response in cancer patients. This is a non-randomized study.

[30] Major clinical evidence on the use of low-dose naltrexone in the treatment of cancer: a systematic review (Research Gate, 2024)

• Content: This systematic review of LDN’s antitumor activity and immune enhancement. Pre-treatment increases chemotherapy sensitivity, supporting combined therapy.

10. Melatonin

Advantages:

Melatonin is a hormone that regulates sleep cycles and also has antioxidant properties. Research shows that melatonin can improve the quality of life for cancer patients by reducing symptoms such as sleep disturbances and anxiety. It can also potentially improve the effect of chemotherapy by increasing apoptosis in cancer cells.

Disadvantages:

Melatonin can cause sedation, which can be problematic for some patients. Its interactions with certain drugs, including some chemotherapeutics, should be monitored closely.

Melatonin and chemotherapy – Specific interactions and risks

Melatonin is a hormone that primarily regulates the sleep cycle. It has also been shown to have antioxidant and immunomodulating properties, leading to studies of its potential in cancer treatment. Although melatonin is generally considered safe, there are potential interactions with specific chemotherapeutic agents that are important to consider.

Specific chemotherapeutic agents and risks:

• Taxanes (e.g., Paclitaxel, Docetaxel): Risk: Melatonin can potentially affect the metabolism of taxanes in the liver, which can change the concentration of these drugs in the blood. This can increase the risk of side effects or reduce the effectiveness of the chemotherapy.
• Platinum-based chemotherapeutics (e.g., Cisplatin, Carboplatin): Risk: There is a potential risk that melatonin could increase the neurotoxicity (nerve damage) of platinum-based chemotherapeutics. This can lead to increased side effects such as neuropathy.
• Immunomodulating chemotherapy (e.g., Interferon, Interleukin-2): Risk: Since melatonin has immunomodulating effects, there is a potential risk that it could interact with immunomodulating chemotherapy. This can either enhance or reduce the effect of the chemotherapy, and it is important to monitor patients closely for any changes in immune function.
• General Warning: The choice of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer, so there may be other chemotherapeutic agents that can have interactions. It is important to consult a doctor to assess the risk of interactions.
• Important to know about Melatonin and cancer: There is research suggesting that melatonin can have a positive impact on cancer treatment. However, this is still under development, and not enough trials have been conducted to say this with certainty. There is particularly research showing that melatonin can decrease side effects of chemotherapy.

Important considerations:

• Individual assessment: The risk of interactions can vary depending on the specific chemotherapy, the dose of melatonin, and the patient’s general health status.

Conclusion: Simultaneous use of melatonin and specific chemotherapeutic agents can increase the risk of interactions, especially with taxanes, platinum-based chemotherapeutics, and immunomodulating chemotherapy. It is important that doctors and patients carefully consider potential interactions and take the necessary precautions to minimize risk.

Scientific support

[31] Melatonin in Chemo/Radiation Therapy; Implications for Normal Tissues Sparing and Tumor Suppression: An Updated Review (PubMed, 2025)

• Content: A review on the dual role of melatonin in protecting normal tissue and suppressing tumors.

[32] A Systematic Review of the Chemo/Radioprotective Effects of Melatonin against Ototoxic Adverse Effects Induced by Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy (PubMed, 2023)

• Content: A systematic review of melatonin’s protective effects against hearing damage.

[33] Melatonin in Cancer Treatment: Current Knowledge and Future Challenges (MDPI, 2021)

• Content: A review article exploring how melatonin affects the immune system and can supplement conventional treatment. It highlights potential for direct inhibition of cancer cells.

[34] The Effect of Melatonin Supplementation on Cancer-Related Fatigue during Chemotherapy Treatment of Breast Cancer Patients: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Study (MDPI, 2024)

• Content: This 2024 review summarizes recent knowledge. A meta-analysis confirms that melatonin is associated with improved tumor response and significant increase in one-year survival for solid tumors. This is a randomized clinical study.

[35] Melatonin (Research Gate, 2020)

• Content: A collection of articles highlighting melatonin’s potential to reduce a spectrum of side effects from chemo, including lung, liver, kidney, and nerve damage. It covers direct action on cancer stem cells.

[36] Protective effect of melatonin on cisplatin induced liver
toxicity inalbino Rats; biochemical and histological Study (Minia Journal of Medical Researc, 2024)

• Content: An animal study showing that melatonin protects the liver against damage from platinum-based chemo.

[37] Melatonin in Patients with Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial (Anticancer Research, 2014)

• Content: A high-quality clinical study (randomized, double-blind) investigating the effect of melatonin in patients on chemotherapy.

[38] Protective effects of exogenous melatonin therapy against oxidative stress to male reproductive tissue caused by anti-cancer chemical and radiation therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies (Frontiers, 2023)

• Content: A systematic review of animal studies confirming melatonin’s protective effect.

[39] Safety of higher doses of melatonin in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Willey, 2021)

• Content: A review article specifically confirming the safety of high-dose melatonin.

[40] A review of the potential use of melatonin in cancer treatment: Data analysis from Clinicaltrials.gov (PubMed, 2024)

• Content: A review of registered clinical trials showing the current research status.

[41] Therapeutic Potential of Melatonin Counteracting Chemotherapy-Induced Toxicity in Breast Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review (MDPI, 2023)

• Content: A review focusing on how melatonin counteracts side effects from chemotherapy.

[42] Adjuvant melatonin for the prevention of recurrence and mortality following lung cancer resection (AMPLCaRe): A randomized placebo controlled clinical trial (Science Direct, 2021)

• Content: A clinical trial showing melatonin can improve survival and prevent recurrence in lung cancer patients. This is a randomized Phase II study.

11. Metformin

Advantages:

Metformin, a drug primarily used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, has been shown to have anticancer effects. It can inhibit tumor growth and improve insulin sensitivity, which can be beneficial for cancer patients with insulin resistance. Studies have suggested that metformin can improve survival and reduce the risk of metastases in certain cancer forms, such as breast and prostate cancer.

Disadvantages:

Metformin can cause gastrointestinal discomfort, such as nausea and diarrhea. It is also important to note that not all patients respond positively to metformin, and its interactions with chemotherapeutics are not fully understood.

Metformin and chemotherapy – Specific interactions and risks

Metformin is a drug primarily used to treat type 2 diabetes. It has also been shown to have potential cancer-fighting properties and is used in some cases in connection with cancer treatment. However, there are potential interactions with specific chemotherapeutic agents that are important to consider.

Specific chemotherapeutic agents and risks:

• Platinum-based chemotherapeutics (e.g., Cisplatin, Carboplatin): Risk: The combination can increase the risk of kidney problems, as both metformin and platinum-based chemotherapeutics can affect the kidneys. Additionally, there is a potential increased risk of lactic acidosis (accumulation of lactic acid in the blood), a rare but serious side effect.
• Taxanes (e.g., Paclitaxel, Docetaxel): Risk: Taxanes and metformin are metabolized in the liver, and there is therefore a risk that the breakdown of one of the substances may be affected, which can increase the risk of side effects.
• General Warning: The choice of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer, so there may be other chemotherapeutic agents that can have interactions. It is important to consult a doctor to assess the risk of interactions.
• It is particularly important to be aware of patients with reduced kidney function, as they are more vulnerable to side effects from the combination of metformin and chemotherapy.

Important considerations:

• Individual assessment: The risk of interactions can vary depending on the specific chemotherapy, the dose of metformin, and the patient’s general health status, especially kidney function.
• Medical monitoring: Patients taking both metformin and chemotherapy should be monitored closely for signs of kidney problems and lactic acidosis.

Conclusion:

Simultaneous use of metformin and specific chemotherapeutic agents can increase the risk of serious side effects, especially kidney problems and lactic acidosis. It is important that doctors and patients carefully consider potential interactions and take the necessary precautions to minimize risk.

Scientific support

[43] Remodeling tumor microenvironment using prodrug nMOFs for synergistic cancer therapy (PubMed, 2025)

• Content: Research on synergistic therapy using metal-organic frameworks.

[44] Caloric restriction and metformin selectively improved LKB1-mutated NSCLC tumor response to chemo- and chemo-immunotherapy (PubMed, 2024)

• Content: Study on tumor response improvements in lung cancer.

[45] The Effect of Metformin on Chemotherapy-Induced Toxicities in Non-diabetic Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomised Controlled Study (PubMed, 2023)

• Content: A randomized controlled study evaluating metformin in breast cancer patients.

[46] The effects of metformin on ovarian cancer: a systematic review (PubMed, 2013)

• Content: This systematic review summarizes results from several studies. The conclusion is that Metformin, especially when combined with chemo, is associated with improved survival in ovarian cancer patients.

[47] Metformin: A Dual-Role Player in Cancer Treatment and Prevention: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (MDPI, Cancers, 2024)

• Content: This meta-analysis of 112 studies shows that metformin is associated with a markedly lower cancer risk and reduced mortality. It supports its potential as a supplement to standard therapy.

[48] Targeting Cancer Stem Cells and Hedgehog Pathway by Metformin and Cisplatin Combination in Ovarian Cancer (PMC, 2025)

• Content: A laboratory study showing exactly how metformin and cisplatin work together to induce programmed cell death (apoptosis) in ovarian cancer cells.

[49] Tolerability, safety and feasibility of metformin combined with chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer: A phase II, randomized study (PubMed, 2025)

• Content: Shows it is safe and possible to combine metformin with chemo/radiation in gynecological cancer. This is a randomized Phase II study.

[50] Phase I study of metformin in combination with carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (PubMed, 2020)

• Content: A safety study determining the correct dose and confirming the safety of combining metformin with Carboplatin-based chemo. This is a Phase I study.

[51] Metformin for patients with advanced stage ovarian cancer: A randomized phase II placebo-controlled trial (Research Gate, 2025)

• Content: A high-quality study confirming metformin’s effect in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. This is a randomized Phase II study.

[52] The clinical potentials of combining paclitaxel-based chemotherapy regimen with metformin in cancer treatment: A systematic review and Meta-analysis (Science Direct, 2025)

• Content: A review article summarizing knowledge on metformin’s positive effect with paclitaxel.

[53] Efficacy and safety of metformin in combination with chemotherapy in cancer patients without diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis (Frontiers, 2023)

• Content: A review confirming metformin is effective and safe for non-diabetic cancer patients.

12. NSAID’er (non-steroide anti- inflammatory drug)

Advantages:

NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen and naproxen, have anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties. They can reduce inflammation in the tumor environment and have potential anticancer effects by inhibiting COX enzymes, which can lead to decreased tumor growth and improved survival in certain cancer forms.

Disadvantages:

Long-term use of NSAIDs can lead to gastrointestinal bleeding, kidney damage, and cardiovascular problems. Interactions with chemotherapeutics can also increase the risk of side effects, making it important to monitor the patient’s health closely.

Types of NSAIDs: There are many different NSAID preparations, including:

• Ibuprofen
• Diclofenac
• Naproxen
• Celecoxib

Risks of using NSAIDs and chemotherapy:

NSAID preparations can interact with certain chemotherapeutic agents and increase the risk of side effects. It is important to be aware of these potential interactions.

• Increased bleeding risk: Both NSAIDs and certain chemotherapeutic agents can decrease platelet function, which increases the risk of bleeding. The combination of these drugs can enhance this effect.
• Gastrointestinal problems: NSAIDs can irritate the gastric mucosa and increase the risk of gastric ulcers and bleeding. Chemotherapy can also cause gastrointestinal problems, and the combination can exacerbate these side effects.
• Kidney problems: NSAIDs can affect the kidneys, and combined with chemotherapy that can also affect the kidneys, it can increase the risk of kidney damage.

NSAIDs and specific chemotherapeutic agents:

• Methotrexate: NSAIDs can increase the concentration of methotrexate in the blood, which can potentially increase the risk of methotrexate toxicity. This can lead to increased side effects such as bone marrow depression and kidney damage.
• 5-Fluorouracil: There is a potential risk of increased gastrointestinal toxicity when NSAIDs are combined with 5-fluorouracil. Both drugs can cause stomach problems, and the combination can exacerbate these side effects.
• Cyclophosphamide: NSAIDs can potentially increase the risk of bleeding when combined with cyclophosphamide, as both drugs can affect platelet function. Additionally, there may be an increased risk of kidney problems.
• Platinum-based chemotherapeutics (e.g., Cisplatin, Carboplatin): The combination can increase the risk of kidney problems, as both NSAIDs and platinum-based chemotherapeutics can affect the kidneys. Additionally, there is a potential increased risk of bleeding.
• Taxanes (e.g., Paclitaxel, Docetaxel): Taxanes and certain NSAIDs are broken down in the liver, and there is therefore a risk that the breakdown of one of the substances may be affected, thereby increasing the risk of side effects.
• Blood-thinning chemotherapeutics (e.g., L-asparaginase): Since NSAIDs also have a blood-thinning effect, it should be advised against combining these two preparations, as it can cause a heavily increased risk of bleeding.

Important considerations:

• Individual assessment: The risk of interactions can vary depending on the specific chemotherapy, the dose of NSAID, and the patient’s general health status.
• Medical monitoring: Patients taking both NSAID and chemotherapy should be monitored closely for signs of bleeding, gastrointestinal problems, and kidney problems.

Conclusion: Simultaneous use of NSAIDs and chemotherapy can increase the risk of side effects. It is important that doctors and patients carefully consider potential interactions and take the necessary precautions to minimize risk.

Scientific support

[54] Targeting cancer-related inflammation with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Perspectives in pharmacogenomics (Frontiers, 2022)

• Content: Perspectives on pharmacogenomics and targeting inflammation.

[55] The Potential Preventive and Therapeutic Roles of NSAIDs in Prostate Cancer (PubMed, 2023)

• Content: A review of the role of NSAIDs in prostate cancer.

[56] NSAIDs and Cancer Resolution: New Paradigms beyond Cyclooxygenase (NCBI, 2022)

• Content: Research on cancer resolution paradigms involving NSAIDs.

13. Plaquenil (Hydroxychloroquine)

Advantages: Hydroxychloroquine, originally developed for the treatment of malaria and autoimmune diseases, has been shown to have anticancer properties. It can inhibit tumor growth by reducing inflammation and immune response. Research has also indicated that hydroxychloroquine can improve the effect of certain chemotherapeutic substances by increasing apoptosis in cancer cells.

Disadvantages: Plaquenil can cause side effects such as eye damage (retinopathy) and gastrointestinal discomfort. Additionally, there are concerns about its interactions with chemotherapeutics, which can exacerbate side effects or reduce the effectiveness of the treatment. Long-term use requires close monitoring of the patient’s vision.

Plaquenil and chemotherapy – Specific interactions and risks

Plaquenil is a drug primarily used to treat autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. It has also been shown to have potential cancer-fighting properties and is used in some cases in connection with cancer treatment. However, there are potential interactions with specific chemotherapeutic agents that are important to consider.

Specific chemotherapeutic agents and risks:

• Methotrexate: Risk: Both drugs can affect liver function, and the combination can potentially increase the risk of liver damage.
• 5-Fluorouracil: Risk: There is a potential risk of increased toxicity as both drugs can affect liver function. The combination can exacerbate gastrointestinal side effects.
• Platinum-based chemotherapeutics (e.g., Cisplatin, Carboplatin): Risk: The combination can increase the risk of kidney problems, as both Plaquenil and platinum-based chemotherapeutics can affect the kidneys.
• Taxanes (e.g., Paclitaxel, Docetaxel): Risk: Taxanes and Plaquenil are metabolized in the liver, and there is therefore a risk that the breakdown of one of the substances may be affected, which can increase the risk of side effects.
• General Warning: The choice of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer, so there may be other chemotherapeutic agents that can have interactions. It is important to consult a doctor to assess the risk of interactions.
• There is also a risk that Plaquenil can cause vision problems; this risk may be increased by certain types of chemotherapy.

Important considerations:

• Individual assessment: The risk of interactions can vary depending on the specific chemotherapy, the dose of Plaquenil, and the patient’s general health status.
• Medical monitoring: Patients taking both Plaquenil and chemotherapy should be monitored closely for signs of toxicity and side effects.

Conclusion:

Simultaneous use of Plaquenil and specific chemotherapeutic agents can increase the risk of serious side effects. It is important that doctors and patients carefully consider potential interactions and take the necessary precautions to minimize risk.

Scientific support

[57] A Critical Review of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine as Potential Adjuvant Agents for Treating People with Cancer (PubMed, 2022)

• Content: A review of the potential of these agents in oncology.

[58] Chloroquine and Chemotherapeutic Compounds in Experimental Cancer Treatment (NCBI, 2024)

• Content: Research on combining chloroquine with chemo.

[59] Hydroxychloroquine: Key therapeutic advances and emerging nanotechnological landscape for cancer mitigation (Science Direct, 2023)

• Content: Review of therapeutic advances and nanotechnology

14. Propranolol

Advantages:

Propranolol, a beta-blocker, is primarily used for the treatment of hypertension and anxiety symptoms but has also been shown to have anticancer effects by reducing stress-related hormones that can promote tumor growth. Research has indicated that propranolol can inhibit metastases and improve survival in patients with certain types of cancer.

Disadvantages:

Propranolol can cause side effects such as fatigue, low blood pressure, and bradycardia (slow heart rate). Its interactions with other drugs, especially chemotherapeutics, must be monitored closely to avoid potential complications.

Propranolol and chemotherapy – Specific interactions and risks

Propranolol is a beta-blocker primarily used to treat high blood pressure, heart problems, and migraines. However, it can also interact with certain chemotherapeutic agents.

Specific chemotherapeutic agents and risks:

• Platinum-based chemotherapeutics (e.g., Cisplatin, Carboplatin): Risk: Propranolol can potentially enhance the cardiotoxic (heart-damaging) effect of platinum-based chemotherapeutics, especially in patients with existing heart problems.
• Taxanes (e.g., Paclitaxel, Docetaxel): Risk: Propranolol is metabolized in the liver, and there is therefore a potential risk that it can interact with taxanes, which are also metabolized in the liver. This can lead to changes in the concentration of both drugs in the blood and increase the risk of side effects.
• General Warning: The choice of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer, so there may be other chemotherapeutic agents that can have interactions. It is important to consult a doctor to assess the risk of interactions.
• It is important to be aware that propranolol can mask symptoms of hypoglycemia, which can be a problem with certain types of chemotherapy.

Important considerations:

• Individual assessment: The risk of interactions can vary depending on the specific chemotherapy, the dose of propranolol, and the patient’s general health status, especially heart function.
• Medical monitoring: Patients taking both propranolol and chemotherapy should be monitored closely for signs of cardiotoxicity, changes in blood pressure, and heart rate.

Conclusion:

Simultaneous use of propranolol and specific chemotherapeutic agents can increase the risk of side effects, especially cardiotoxicity. It is important that doctors and patients carefully consider potential interactions and take the necessary precautions to minimize risk.

Scientific support

[60] Repurposing Drugs in Oncology (ReDO)—Propranolol as an anti-cancer agent (PubMed, 2016)

• Content: A review from the ReDO project evaluating propranolol.

[61] Propranolol and Other Beta Blockers (Cancer Choices, 2022)

• Content: An overview of the role of beta-blockers in cancer care.

[62] Trial watch: beta-blockers in cancer therapy (Tandfonline, 2023)

• Content: A review of the trial landscape for beta-blockers in oncology

15. Statins

Advantages:

Statins, used to lower cholesterol levels, have also been shown to have anticancer effects. Research suggests that statins can inhibit tumor growth and metastases by reducing inflammation and improving the lipid profile. Some studies have indicated that patients taking statins have a lower risk of certain cancers.

Disadvantages:

Statins can cause side effects such as muscle soreness and liver problems. There are also concerns about their interactions with chemotherapeutic agents, which can increase the risk of side effects. Further research is needed to understand their safety and effectiveness in cancer treatment.

Statins and chemotherapy – Specific interactions and risks

Statins are a group of drugs primarily used to lower cholesterol levels in the blood and prevent cardiovascular diseases. However, there are potential interactions with specific chemotherapeutic agents that are important to consider.

Specific chemotherapeutic agents and risks:

• Taxanes (e.g., Paclitaxel, Docetaxel): Risk: Both statins and taxanes are metabolized in the liver. This can potentially lead to changes in the concentration of both drugs in the body, which can increase the risk of side effects, such as muscle damage (myopathy).
• Platinum-based chemotherapeutics (e.g., Cisplatin, Carboplatin): Risk: Some statins can increase the risk of kidney damage, and the combination with platinum-based chemotherapeutics, which can also affect the kidneys, can exacerbate this risk.
• General Warning: The choice of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer, so there may be other chemotherapeutic agents that can have interactions. It is important to consult a doctor to assess the risk of interactions.
• Additionally, there is research suggesting that statins can have an impact on cancer treatment, both positive and negative; however, this is still under development.

Important considerations:

• Individual assessment: The risk of interactions can vary depending on the specific chemotherapy, the dose of statins, and the patient’s general health status.
• Medical monitoring: Patients taking both statins and chemotherapy should be monitored closely for signs of muscle damage (myopathy) and kidney problems.

Conclusion: Simultaneous use of statins and specific chemotherapeutic agents can increase the risk of side effects, especially muscle damage and kidney problems. It is important that doctors and patients carefully consider potential interactions and take the necessary precautions to minimize risk.

Scientific support

[63] Statins: a repurposed drug to fight cancer (Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research, 2021)

• Content: An article exploring the anti-cancer mechanisms of statins.

[64] Real-world evidence for preventive effects of statins on cancer incidence: A trans-Atlantic analysis (Wiley, 2022)

• Content: A trans-Atlantic study evaluating the preventive effects of statins.

[65] The effects of statins in patients with advanced-stage cancers – a systematic review and meta-analysis (Frontiers, 2023)

• Content: A meta-analysis of statin effects in advanced cancer patients.

[66] Association between statin use and the risk, prognosis, and mortality of gynecologic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis (European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2022)

• Content: This 2022 meta-analysis collects data from 43 studies. It concludes that statin use is associated with a lower risk of developing gynecological cancer, including ovarian cancer. It also indicates a possible link to improved prognosis.

[67] Anti-Cancer Therapy: Targeting the Mevalonate Pathway (ResearchGate, 2025)

• Content: This review article explains why the Mevalonate pathway is a vulnerable target in many cancers. It describes how statins can exploit this by blocking the process.

[68] Statins as Repurposed Drugs in Gynecological Cancer: A Review (PubMed, 2022)

• Content: A review article describing the rationale for using statins in gynecological cancers.

[69] Statin use and ovarian cancer Outcomes (Research Gate, 2024)

• Content: A study investigating how statin use affects the prognosis and survival of ovarian cancer patients.

[70] Efficacy and safety profile of statins in patients with cancer: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials (PubMed, 2020)

• Content: A systematic review of randomized trials confirming statins’ safety profile in cancer patients.

[71] Statin as a Potential Chemotherapeutic Agent: Current Updates as a Monotherapy, Combination Therapy, and Treatment for Anti-Cancer Drug Resistance (MDPI, 2021)

• Content: A review describing how statins work against cancer, both alone and in combination with chemo.

[72] Effect of Statin Use on Survival Outcomes in Patients Diagnosed with Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (Karger, Oncology Research and Treatment, 2025)

• Content: A study specifically linking statin use with better survival in ovarian cancer patients.

16. Vermox (Mebendazole)

Advantages:

Vermox, a broad-spectrum anthelmintic, is primarily used for the treatment of parasitic infections such as tapeworm and roundworm. It works by inhibiting the worms from absorbing glucose, leading to their death. Vermox has a good safety profile and can be effective in treating helminthic infections in both children and adults.

Disadvantages:

Vermox can cause side effects such as stomach pain, diarrhea, and headache. There is a risk of interactions with certain drugs, especially those that affect liver enzymes such as carbamazepine, phenytoin, and rifampicin. These drugs can decrease the effectiveness of Vermox. When used simultaneously with immunosuppressive drugs and some chemotherapeutic agents, such as doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, caution must be exercised as it can affect the immune system’s response and potentially reduce the effectiveness of the chemotherapy.

Vermox (mebendazole) and chemotherapy – Specific interactions and risks

Vermox is an anthelmintic (deworming agent) that has also shown potential in cancer treatment. Although research is still in the early stages, there are potential interactions with specific chemotherapeutic agents that are important to consider.

Specific chemotherapeutic agents and risks:

• Methotrexate: Risk: Vermox can potentially affect liver metabolism, which can change the concentration of methotrexate in the blood. This can increase the risk of methotrexate toxicity and lead to serious side effects such as bone marrow depression and kidney damage.
• 5-Fluorouracil: Risk: There is a potential risk of increased toxicity as both drugs can affect liver function. The combination can exacerbate gastrointestinal side effects.
• Cyclophosphamide: Risk: Vermox can potentially increase the risk of bone marrow depression when combined with cyclophosphamide. This can lead to decreased production of blood cells and an increased risk of infections.
• Platinum-based chemotherapeutics (e.g., Cisplatin, Carboplatin): Risk: The combination can increase the risk of kidney problems, as both Vermox and platinum-based chemotherapeutics can affect the kidneys. Additionally, there is a potential increased risk of neuropathy (nerve damage).
• Taxanes (e.g., Paclitaxel, Docetaxel): Risk: Taxanes and Vermox are metabolized in the liver, and there is therefore a risk that the breakdown of one of the substances may be affected, which can increase the risk of side effects.
• General Warning: The choice of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer, so there may be other chemotherapeutic agents that can have interactions. It is important to consult a doctor to assess the risk of interactions.
• Furthermore, there is research suggesting that Vermox can have a positive impact on cancer treatment. However, this is still under development, and not enough trials have been conducted to say this with certainty.

Important considerations:

• Individual assessment: The risk of interactions can vary depending on the specific chemotherapy, the dose of Vermox, and the patient’s general health status.
• Medical monitoring: Patients taking both Vermox and chemotherapy should be monitored closely for signs of toxicity and side effects.

Conclusion:

Simultaneous use of Vermox and specific chemotherapeutic agents can increase the risk of serious side effects. It is important that doctors and patients carefully consider potential interactions and take the necessary precautions to minimize risk.

Scientific support

[73] Mebendazole as a Candidate for Drug Repurposing in Oncology: An Extensive Review of Current Literature (PubMed, 2019)

• Content: An extensive review of mebendazole’s potential in oncology.

[74] Antiparasitic mebendazole (MBZ) effectively overcomes cisplatin resistance in human ovarian cancer cells by inhibiting multiple cancer-associated signaling pathways (NCBI, 2021)

• Content: Research showing how mebendazole overcomes cisplatin resistance in human ovarian cancer cells. This is a non-randomized preclinical study.

[75] Mebendazole and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory combine to reduce tumor initiation in a colon cancer preclinical model (NCBI, 2016)

• Content: A study showing the combination reduces tumor initiation in a preclinical colon cancer model.

[76] Repurposing of Mebendazole as an Anticancer Agent: A Review (Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 2025)

• Content: A review of mebendazole’s anticancer mechanisms, such as microtubule disruption and inhibition of angiogenesis, and its potential in combination therapies. This is a systematic review, non-randomized.

[77] Mebendazole Exerts Anticancer Activity in Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines via Novel Girdin-Mediated AKT/IKKα/β/NF-κB Signaling Axis (MDPI, 2025)

• Content: A study evaluating how mebendazole inhibits cell proliferation and migration in chemoresistant ovarian cancer cell lines by targeting specific signaling pathways. This is a preclinical study, non-randomized.

[78] Mebendazole; from an anti-parasitic drug to a promising candidate for drug repurposing in colorectal cancer (ScienceDirect, 2022)

• Content: A clinical study investigating the anti-tumor activity and safety of mebendazole in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. The study evaluates the clinical potential and tolerability of repurposing MBZ for human oncology. This is a clinical trial, non-randomized.

Conclusion

Repurposed drugs present a promising opportunity for cancer patients who wish to explore alternatives or supplements to their primary treatment. Research has shown that many of these medications can have positive effects on tumor growth, inflammation, and the patient’s overall quality of life.
However, it is important to take into account the potential side effects and interactions with chemotherapeutic agents, as these factors can influence the course of treatment. Overall, decisions regarding the use of repurposed drugs should be made in close cooperation with a competent advisor—typically a doctor who has a holistic approach to cancer treatment and is thus willing to prescribe repurposed drugs as adjuvant cancer treatment.

See also Holistic doctors in DK

To be continued…

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Page created: 28.03.25. Last updated: 07.04.26

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